Ex  ICtbrtB 


SEYMOUR  DURST 


■i. '  Tort  nieiuv  ^m^erdam.  of 


KORT    NEW    AM.S  T E '^'^^^^^^jj^^^ 

NEW  YORK  )  .  1651 

IVhen  you  \eave,  please 

leave  this  book 

Because  it  has  been  sa 

d 

"Ever'ihing  comes  t'  him 

who  waxts 

£xcept  a  loaned  book. 

OLD   YORK   LIBRARY  -  OLD   YORK  FOUNDATION 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


I 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  VIEWS 

OF  THE 

STATUE  oi  LIBERTY 

AND 

NEW  YORK  HARBOR. 


FROM    RECENT    ORIGINAL  PHOTOGRAPHS. 


CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK: 
RAND,  McNALLY  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS. 
1901. 


Digitize<d^by,4hj,]rjt§,rnet  Archive 
in  2013 


littp://archive.org/details/pliotographicviewOOdurs 


TOP  GIRDERS  UP  PEDESTAL,  SHOWING  ANCHORAGE.     iXSIDE  OF  DRAPERY,  SHOWING  HEEL  OF  SANDAL. 

II 


rXTKRloR  IRnXWoRK  OF    Till:  I'LIXTH. 


LAXDIXG  PIER,  DEULOE'S  ISLAND. 

23 


VIEW  LOOKING  SOUTH  FROM  ROOF  OF  OFFICE  BUILDING,  oo  BROADWAY. 


THE   STATUE  OF 


LIBERTY   ENLIGHTENING  THE  WORLD. 


/^RIGIXATED  in  the  minds  ,.f  a  ^roup  of  French  men  of 
^  letter-,. -r.cMl  wh^ni  wa^  thr  >culpl.  ,r,  An-ii--tc  liartholdi, 
who  were  .li^eusv.-.i:^.  ..ne  cveuinii  in  i'>--.  tlie  1 1<  -^e  of  the 
American  Civil  War.  tlu  Slalne  of  Liberty  cnil'  i  In  t!u-  sup;- 
gcstion  that  the  French  people  ought  to  join  wili  lin  Ann  l  u  an 
people  in  erecting,  in  America,  a  monument  that  -'ui-iM  n-t 
only  commemorate  the  sympat'  r  1  <  •  >  ili at  I  iance 
gave  to  the  United  States  in  a  i  ir  i  iiaau  inde- 

pendence, but  should  serve  a^  a  i-i  ta.al  mia-e  Uetore  the 
world  of  the  idea  of  liberty.  As  this  double  purpose  was  in 
view,  a  mere  shaft  or  memorial  structure,  however  stately, 
wm;'''   '■ '  .  ■  ■         ,■    '   .1  .•■''I--!.;  a'a!   iimMc   llL^aifi,'  wa-- 

nci.-  a-         tav-  tiaiaL^'h; 

to  1..-  ;i  .  t:.a,  >    a      1  :ae  \va^  thai  Har- 

thokli  (who  was  about  t  Elates)  was  bidden 

to  make  it  his  special  oi  idea  to  the  Amer- 

ican public,  excite  interc-i  in  it,  a.-.^var  the  proper  site,  and 
finally  to  propose  a  design  for  the  statue. 

Full  of  the  inspiration  of  this  purpose,  Bartholdi — already 
famous  in  Europe  as  a  painter  and  sculptor,  and  soon  after- 
ward well  known  in  the  United  States  through  his  bronze  foun- 
tain and  other  works  at  the  Centennial  Exposition,  and  his 
graceful  statue  of  Lafayette  in  Union  Sqn.na  Xrw  A'ork— 
sailed  for  America,  and  found  the  place  (<>\-  lia-  ^t.itne  the 
moment  his  eyes  rested  upon  the  ne  w  woi-hl,  A-,  the  -teamer 
sailed  up  the  magnilicent  harbnf  "i'  Xaw  N'-i  k.  h  i-  ]>a-scngers 
crowded  to  the  rails  eager  for  a  lirst  glimpse  ol  the  new  land 
to  which  they  were  coming  with  such  hope  and  confidence. 
"  Here,  at  the  gates,"  said  Bartholdi  to  himself.  "  shall  stand 
our  figure  of  Freedom,  welcoming,  with  the  light  of  Liberty, 
the  newcomer  to  these  liberal  shores." 

When  he  returned  to  France  his  design  was  ready,  popular 


subscription  lists  had  been  opened  in  all  ptirts  of  the  French  and 
American  n-iml.lic-.  and  im-par.>'-  at  once  begun  for 

the  erei  ii..n  <•(  i!u-  statue.   U  w  .<  ■  the  majestic  mien 

of  the  la^ai  a  lU.  iii.iiah-1  .1 ,  ..h  is^.h  .  ;  ■  .jKjrtions  were  de- 

o'lad  111". 11  far  v.i>t.  r  thai)  a:;\  thiiia.  !a  r.-i..i'. .re  attempted.  The 
niassuu  .Meiiiia  ill  .it  'llaiii  in  laa\]it.  -.s  a-  i  mly  62  feet  high ; 
the  ligurc  i>i  1'..  ,i  i .  ,ai,  > ,.  .  iH  th^  haah  .a  Lah^:  .Maggiore,  66  feet, 
that  of  Arniinius,  in  We-tplia'.i.i.  abo-r,  f.-et,  while  the  Colos- 
sus of  Rhodes  111  ii  ever  e.xi-ie'l  i  wa-  -ah  |..--  iVet  high.  Bar- 
tholdi pUumed  a  height  of  more  tliaii  i  iis. 

l-hir  -U'.h  a  li-iu-e  a  solid  con-tiia  :  hie, 
and  tile  >.T,!pi..r  decided  upon  buildin.-  Ii:-  -•...•.i....  .  e.-ni- 

1-111-  11  iif  an  ir-n  I'raiiieW  ' 'l  a  ehala  d  with  thin  plates  of  e(")p- 
[leialient  ttnil  haiiiinered  inln  the  recpiired  form.  'Ih)  aeecjm- 
plish  this  a  model  was  first  made  one-sixteenth  of  the  ultimate 
size,  from  which  a  second  model,  four  times  as  large,  was 
copied  in  plaster.  From  this  a  third,  and  finally  corrected 
model  of  full  size  was  constructed,  by  erecting  a  framework  of 
wood  covered  with  a  shell  of  plaster  perfected  in  details  by  the 
chisel.  From  this  full-size  model  were  then  constructed  molds 
of  wood  in  as  many  sections  as  necessary  (about  300),  into 
which  the  copper  sheets,  etveh  from  one  to  three  yards  square 
and  an  ei-Iitli  .if  an  iia.h  tha  h,  aeii'  1h  nl  and  hammered  until 
each  htiil  assnnu  h  tlie  ie.|iiiri.'i  h.rni.  and  w  as  prepared  to  take 
its  place  in  the  completed  whole.  All  the  shaping  was  thus 
done  from  the  inside,  and  mainly  by  skillful  hammering.  This 
is  known  as  repousse  work. 

Meanwhile  the  interior  framework,  or  skeleton,  was  under 
construction  from  designs  by  Eiffel,  the  great  engineer,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  building  the  very  lofty  '•  Eiffel 
Tower"  which  was  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the  last 
world's  fair  in  Paris. 


Tlic  mi>iH\- 11'  ■'      ■         was  rai-cd  by  meansof 

fair-,  t  iitLriaiiu:  ii  ii.iinv- c  irculated  in  all 

parl<  'if  I-raii.  I        -        '  >,ili>jriptinns  were  of  great 

am.  mill  aii-l  th.  I  i  i  s  i  anie  slowly,  so  that  the  work  had 
to  ],v  siis|u  ii.l.-.l  ii-iu  iiir.>_'  to  time,  but  it  was  never  aban- 
doiK-'l.  'I'hc  haii'l  an.l  t..r..li  were  first  nia<k-,  and  were  exhib- 
ited in  the  c'ciiteniiial  l'.\ii.i--iti..n,  at  1 'li ila.lelphia,  and  the 
head  was  rmisliL.l  in  time  to  exhibit  at  the  Pans  Exposition  of 
iSys.  I'hiee  \a  ais  later  all  the  parts  were  ready  to  be  put 
to.i^athei  ,  ami  ..II  <  K  i.ilier  24, 1881,  the  centennial  anniversary  of 
tile  .tei  isivr  liaitle  ..I  Vorktowii,  the  workmen  began  to  set  the 
statue  11].,  the  II. .11.  Le\  1  1'.  M..ri..ii,  then  United  States  Minister 
at  Pans,  ilrivine,-  t'^       ~'  '    '  t  w  ith  much  ceremony. 

Meanwhile,  t'  forts  of  Richard  Butler,  Esq.,  of 

New  York,  a  jx  i  'i  Mr.  Bartholdi,  a  large  American 

Committee  wa-  1  .  i  iiiiluential  men  in  all  parts  of  the 

c<)iintr\  .  w  ith  tii.-  1.  .'J. .  .Mii,^  ;^entlemen  as  Executive  Committee: 
The  II. .11  W  in  M  1  v.  a!  ts,  Chairman;  Richard  Butler,  Sec- 
retai\  ;  IK  iii  v  1"  >].a!il.lir,:<,  Treasurer;  Joseph  W.  Drexel. 
Parke  (h.ilwin.  I  \N'  I'mehot,  V.  Mumford  Moore,  and 
Fre.leiuk  A  I'.iits  This  committee  still  exists,  but  some 
of  the  (. 1 1.^111. d  iiiemhers  have  died,  and  have  been  replaced 
bv  Cnuhus  X.  I'.liss,  Charles  Stewart  Smith,  Samuel  P. 
Avery,  and  David  II.  King,  Jr.  All  these  gentlemen  devoted 
niueh  time,  attention,  and  money  to  the  undertaking,  and 
are  .  iimk  1  to  be  remembered  with  patriotic  gratitude, 
c-,]  a  s.  Butler,  Spaulding,  and  King.    It  is  not  too 

nil  lat  had  not  Mr.  King  placed  his  great  ability 

anil  .  j  .  :  .^e  as  an  engineer  at  the  disposal  of  the  com- 
mittee tin  ]..  .lestal  could  not  have  been  built,  nor  the  statue 
ereit.  l,  until  vears  after  the  time  when  it  was  completed. 
The  mainsiuuig  of  continuous  life  in  this  committee  is  Mr. 
Rieliaril  I'uitler,  whose  perpetual  interest  sustains  the  effort 
to  iiu  re  ise  the  fund  and  to  carry  to  completion  the  plans 
f,,r  the  In  aiitiu  iii:<  of  Bedlow's  Island  as  a  worthy  setting 
for  the  graiul  muiiument  it  upholds. 


This  committee,  as  soon  as  formed,  secured  from  Congress 
the  appropriation  of  Bedlow's  Island,  and  began  collecting 
money  to  pay  for  the  pedestal,  which  was  to  be  our  part  of  the 
memorial.  But  this  proved  a  very  difficult  matter.  Americans, 
as  a  nation,  are  not  prone  to  enthusiasm  over  a  sentiment,  and 
subscriptions  (chiefly  from  New  York  City)  came  in  slowly. 
Designs  were  drawn  by  the  eminent  architect,  Richard  ^I. 
Hunt,  and  the  foundation  of  the  pedestal  was  at  length  begun 
in  April,  1SS3,  after  which  the  work  progressed  until  December, 
1SS4,  when  it  stopped.  The  whole  project  seemed  likely  to 
fail,  when  T/ic  U'or/ii,  a  New  York  newspaper,  urged  so 
effectively  upon  the  people  the  ghjry  of  the  cause,  that  over 
$100,000  were  raised,  enabling  the  committee  to  finish  the 
pedestal  in  1SS6. 

The  statue  itself  had  meanwhile  been  standing  on  view  in 
Paris,  and  now  preparations  were  made  to  take  it  down  and 
send  it  to  New  York.  The  French  government  made  a  formal 
presentation  of  it  to  the  American  people,  and  delegated  a  war- 
ship to  carry  it  across  the  ocean,  and  other  ships  to  participate 
in  the  celebration  of  its  reception  at  New  York.  In  Jlay,  1SS6, 
it  was  embarked  upon  the  transport  Iserc,  and  on  the  17th  day 
of  June  it  reached  New  York,  where  great  preparations  had 
been  made  to  receive  it.  A  naval  demonstration  by  war- 
vessels,  yachts,  and  hundreds  of  private  steamers,  and  a  great 
military  parade  in  the  city,  terminated  in  a  banquet  to  the 
officers  of  the  French  ships  and  made  a  magnificent  fete  day. 

The  erection  of  the  statue  was  immediately  begun.  Sunk 
into  the  pedestal,  sixty  feet  below  the  top,  were  massive  steel 
cross-beams,  and  at  the  top  another  series  of  cross-beams,  con- 
nected (as  may  yet  be  seen)  with  those  below  them  by  strong 
ties.  These  formed  the  immovable  anchorage  to  which  the 
statue  is  bolted.  Erected  upon  them  arc  the  four  great 
stanchions  or  central  supports  which  form  the  core  of  the 
framework,  and  these  approach  one  another  until  they  nearly 
meet  in  the  head.  These  stanchions,  firmly  bolted  and  braced 
together,  support  the  whole  structure,  and  do  it  in  a  scientific 


way,  for  every  one  of  the  tangled  web  of  braiu  liin^  I't  .mi^  and 
braces,  which  now  appears  so  confusing;,  was  phunl  w  Ik  i  c  it 
is  only  after  ean  fal  stnil\  and  laknlatn.n.  Tile  slicll  of  the 
statue  consists  ,,(  „ ,  plains,  Imi  iIksl-  arc  sn  thin  and  jiliable, 
and  of  such  wiru d  shapes,  tluU  no  one  ^an  lie  expected  to  help 
sustain  tlu-  reni.nnder.  Each  one,  tlnrefiMw  is  net  onl\- 
strengthened  hv  il.ii  enppcr  bands,  but  is  sniij..  .rtcil  by  its  own 
system  of  iron  braces  (_ .irrvin^,;-  its  wci-lit  ilircctl\-  t..  tin,'  central 
frame.    Tlie  total  wci-ht  <■(  the  phitcs  is  ci-lii  v-ci-ht  t'lns. 

In  erecting  sueli  a  gr-^-.it  statue  two  tliin;^s  had  to  lie  cfm- 
sidcred  that  seem  trilling,  liut  whidi.  if  nc-hctcd,  mi-ht 
destroy  the  statue  in  one  day,  or  eansi'  it  to  uiindilc  slowU- 
to  pieces.  One  is  the  sun  and  the  other  the  se  a-I ii  eezt, . 
Precautions  had  to  be  taken  ae,,iinst  tiK-  desinictue  elTects 
of  both.  The  heat  of  the  sun,  rising  sonn,'tinies  to  too  de- 
grees Fahrenheit,  would  pull  the  statue  out  of  shape  unless 
means  were  provided  allowing  it  to  move  upon  itself,  or 
rather  upon  the  framework  beneath  the  surface.  "Each 
bolt  will  slip  a  trifle  as  the  co])])er  e.\i)ands  in  the  hot 
August  sunshine,  and  slide  back  a.:j,ain  when  the  freezini;- 
winds  blow  and  the  vast  li:<nrc  slinnh^  to-ctln  r  in  the  cold. 
Besides  this,  the  copper  snilaie  is  -o  thin  and  elastic  that 
it  win  l)en(l  slightly  when  heated  and  still  keep  its  general 
shape."  To  this.  I  )r.  t'h.nies  Harnard.a  scientific  writer  upon 
this  subject,  adds  the  loHo-ving  details: 

■■  '['he  salt  air  Mow  ing  m  fi'om  the  sea  has  thin  lin-ers  and 
a  bitter,  bitiiie."  toii'^ne.  If  it  linds  a  crack  where  it  t.ui  creep 
in  between  the  ciippLi-  surface  and  iron  skeleton  there  will  be 
trouble  at  once.  These  nu  i.ds  do  not  a^rce  together,  and  .  . 
it  seems  that  cverv  lomm-  ,,[  p,,iiits  of  cop|,cr  ,md  iron  makes 
a  tiny  battery,  and  so  faint  slii\t  is,  ,,f  clcctriciiv  would  run 
through  all  the  statue,  slow  ly  i.oi  lod.m-  and  i  atmg  it  into  dust. 
This  curious,  silent,  and  yet  sin  e  dcst  ra,  tion  pixwented  by 
jiaeking  every  joint  throughout  the  st.anc.  wlic;c\ei  copper 
approaches  iron,  with  an  insulatui;.;  in.ie  i  i.il  i.isbtstosi  wliich 
keeps  the  two  metals  from  actualh-  loiiehing  one  anotlicr." 


The  building  of  the  pedestal  to  support  this  massive  struct- 
ure—  weighing  450,000  pounds,  and  towering  300  feet  in  the 

air  — a:^ainst  wdnds  that  nii.^dit  i^  <\  r.,,  tmU  s  an  lioiu-, 
required  the  e.  red  est  >.  .uc.  To  (  i.  n  1  li.n  ].  s  1 ',  Stom  ,  V ,  S,  A., 
was  entiT.stcil  I  In  ■  i  iilo  a-  i  li  le.;  ..1  t  h  1  s  strtutnre.  'Idle  fomula- 
tion  is  based  npoii  a  b.-.l  ..i  ,  i.iy.  y  gravel,  a  few  feet  above  the 
level  ol  the  bay,  .uid  >  on  asts  ,  >\  .1  sti,  piped  pyramid  of  concrete, 
rising  52  feet  10  iiu  hes,  and  ha\  ing  within  it  a  hollow  center  or 
shaft  about  2(1  feet  s,  pi.^re. 

cm  the  top  of  tills  concrete  pyramid,  60  feet  10  inches 
abo\-c  mean  low-wattr  niarh,  and  high  above  the  surrounding 

walls  of  I'^ii  t  W  1.  be.;ins  the  ju  destal  proper,  a  structure  of 

.granite,  simple,  niassui  .  and  gi.md.  but  not  so  ornate  as  to 
diminish  the  artistic  \-, due  of  the  si.itiie  it  s,ipp,,rts.  "At  its 
base  the  ]iedestal  pl  op,  i- , "  ^.i \  (  ; , im ,jt t ,  '  is  oj  feet  square. 
In  the  tenti  r  of  r.n  li  s,,|,..  at  the  b.i-.  ,  i-.  .h^.i-waw  (  )n  either 
side  ol  r\"  do(ir  is  ,i  p;  oi,.-..  1 1 1 rhs].,  .ii  st.ine.  on  whuh  are 
placed  the  >aeitso|  aiiiisot  b-.eue  .i;,d  the  riiited  M.iteS  in 
relief.  A  goo.l  an  ii:!.-.  ir.r.d  ein  ,  1  1-,  produced  by  the  rough 
stone-work  .It  the  coriKas  ,,i  tli,.  pch  stal.  At  an  elevation 
of  72  feet  S  inches  the  walls  of  the  peilcsi.d  leiede,  leaving 
on  every  side  ...  a  balconx-  upon  which  doors  from  the 
inside  open.  The  view  from  this  b.di  on\  is  anion;..-  the  hnest 
that  can  be  enjoye.l  anynli.  re  in  I'le  \mmii\  of  N\  ;v  V.,rk."- 
l^ntering  tlic  do.n-  ,if  the  p(.'dcstal  \-oti  lind  \dni-si.'lf  in  a 
large  eh.imber  .ig.iinst  w  hose  wall  clings  a  stairway  that  winds 
Its  w.iy  to  the  fool  of  the  st.ituc.  Here,  on  the  level  of  the 
balcon_\-  at  the  summit  of  the  pedestal,  it  divides  into  two 
narrow  stairways,  that  a  few  feet  above  your  head  twist 
together  about  a  central  column  and  entwine  it  to  the  statue's 
head,  100  feet  above.  One  of  these  is  the  ascending  staircase, 
the  other  the  descending  one.  Both  have  high  guardrails,  are 
fitted  with  resting-places  at  short  intervals,  and  are  lighted 
by  electricity,  so  tliat  tlieascentof  the  154  steps  is  a  simple  and 
safe  matter,  which  needs  only  to  be  done  slowly,  and  will  enable 
one  to  examine  thoroughly  the  ingenious  construction  of  the 


monument.  A  ladder  runs  uji  the  ri;<ht  arm  some  fifty  feet 
into  the  torch,  but  this  is  not  usually  o]K-n  to  visitors. 

ArrivL-'l  at  ihr  t^.p  lin^l  \-iir~>_  lf  in  a  ci rcular  chamber, 

which  i^  111-  iiii'  i  ioi  ..I  lib  ',:a!M.  '>,  iMivlira  l  and  whose  win- 
dows h.<  .k  .  n  1 1  ilii-..ii..;li  ilic  riiu  of  the  c'.r-ULt  jUNt  underneath 
the  great  siiikr-liK«_'  r.iys. 

The  Stain. ■  Ml  l,ibcrty  is  held  as  a  trust  by  the  United 
States,  whu  li  li,i.  rova  nanted  to  care  for  it  iieri)etually  and  to 
proxiili.-  f.,r  il-  r  iknnnn.ilion.     'I'he  rU-etric  power-house 

is  nr.ir  tlic  -.-ntli  >]i'>rr  ..t  the  inland  and  i--  o])en  to  visitors. 

Bedlow  V  Klaiid  and  the  Statue  of  Liberty  are  reached  by  the 
train  and  eoinini  table  fei  rv  steamboat,  which  makes  an  hourly 
trip  duriu'^r  tlie  <hi\-  I  roin  ilie  wharf  at  the  Barge  office,  between 
tlie  South  I'errie--  and  llie  ll.itu  rv.  The  distance  to  the  island 
is  about  two  milcN.  ,ind  1-  Ml  it^eli  .1  very  pleasurable  experience, 
la-lit  relre--hnu  ni-,  ni,i\  he  purchased  on  the  boat  and  at  the 
i^hln(l  vli,i;  i  'I'he  tale  t. ihc  round  trip  is  25  cents,  and  the 
liom's  Intel \al  I'eiweeii  two  trips  givcs  Sufficient  tmie  to  see 
the  staine  ,iiid  it-~    1  iroundings. 

I  he  ImIIm  ,.,  dimensions  of  the  Statue  of  Liberty  Enlight- 
ening the  World  are  interesting  and  worthy  of  preservation; 


Fvvt  In. 

Height  from  base  to  torch  151  i 

Foundation  of  ])edestal  to  torch  305  6 

Heel  Im  Imp  oI    head  HI  6 

l.ellvlll   Ml    li.eid    If)  5 

]u,\r\  liieM  1  -  -   8  O 

threninlMunw    ..!     ■    -        -  ■it    7  (> 

Size  Ml    line.  in,.   13  X  lO  in 

Head  l,..nr.  hin  I-  ■  ^.   1/  3 

Hea.l  thiekn.-s.  Mmiu  ear  I..  car_   lo  o 

Distance  aeiMss  ilic  eye   2  6 

Len.i;ih  ..f  n..s,.    4  6 

Right  arm,  length  ---  42  o 

Right  arm,  greatest  thickness   12  o 

Thickness  of  waist   35  « 

Width  of  mouth   3  <> 

Tablet,  length   23  7 

Tablet,  width   13  7 

Tablet,  thickness   2  o 


DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  PEDESTAL. 


Feet  In. 

Height  of  pedestal___     89  o 

Square  sides  at  base,  Lack   62  o 

Square  sides  at  tMp,  ._a^li  _   40  o 

Grecian  columns,  above  base   72  8 


DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  FOUNDATION. 

Feet  In. 

Height  of  foundation   65  o 

Square  sides  at  bottom   91  o 

Square  sides  at  top   -   66  7 


DATES  IN  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATUE. 


French-American  Union   1S74 

Work  on  arm  began . . .  1S75 

Arm  and  torch  fini.shed   1876 

Placed  on  exhibition,  Philadelphia  .1876 

Liberty  Island  ceded  by  Congress  1877 

Face  and  head  completed  1878 

Entire  statue  finished  July  7,  1880 

Mounted  in  Paris  October,  1S81 

Ground  broken  for  pedestal  April,  18S3 

Ftmndation  completed  April,  1SS5 

Pedestal  completed  1886 

First  rivet  driven  on  statue  July  12.  1886 

Statue  completed  October  28,  1S86 


The  statue  weighs  450,000  pounds,  or  225  tons. 

The  bronze  alone  weighs  200,000  pounds. 

Forty  persons  can  stand  comfortably  in  the  head,  and  the 
torch  will  hold  twelve  people. 

The  total  number  of  steps  in  the  temporary  staircase,  which 
leads  from  the  base  of  the  foundation  to  the  top  of  the  torch,  is 
403;  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  pedestal,  195.  The 
number  of  steps  in  the  statue,  from  the  jiedestal  to  the  head,  is 
154,  and  the  ladder  leading  up  through  the  extended  right  arm 
to  the  torch  has  54  rounds. 


